Synthesis and Applications of Selected Fluorine-Containing Fluorophores

The synthesis of fluorine-containing small molecules has had numerous benefits of improving the quality and efficiency of many applications of these compounds. For example, fluorine adds promising functionalities in various areas of imaging (MRI, PET, and NIR); gives cell-targeting properties; and has demonstrated improvements in cell permeability, solubility, and other pharmacologic properties. For these and other numerous reasons, fluorination of molecules has grown in popularity in various fields of chemistry. Many reports show the effects observed from increasing the number of fluorine atoms on a fluorophore scaffold. This report will cover the most significant applications and improvements that fluorine has contributed to in various dye scaffolds such as BODIPY, rhodamine, phthalocyanine, and cyanine in the recent decade.