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Related Concept Videos

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

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HBV/HDV Co-Infection: Epidemiological and Clinical Changes, Recent Knowledge and Future Challenges.

Caterina Sagnelli1, Evangelista Sagnelli1, Antonio Russo1

  • 1Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

New Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) treatments show promise beyond interferon. Direct-acting agents, including bulevirtide and lonafarnib, offer improved efficacy for HDV chronic hepatitis (HDV-CH) but require further safety evaluation.

Keywords:
HDVepidemiologyhepatitis Dpathogenesistherapeutics

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) infection poses a significant global health challenge.
  • HDV genotypes 5-8 imported to Western countries require further clinical investigation.
  • Ongoing HDV replication is an independent predictor of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HDV chronic hepatitis (HDV-CH).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize recent data on HDV infection, focusing on treatment advancements.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of novel therapeutic agents for HDV-CH.
  • To provide an updated overview for improving knowledge on HDV management.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent scientific investigations on HDV infection.
  • Analysis of clinical relevance of newly imported HDV genotypes.
  • Evaluation of preliminary data on direct-acting antiviral agents and interferon-based therapies.

Main Results:

  • Interferon-based therapies for HDV-CH demonstrate low sustained virological response (SVR) rates (20-30%) and poor tolerability.
  • Addition of HBV nucleo(s)tide analogues to pegylated interferon alfa (peg-IFN-α) did not enhance SVR rates.
  • Novel direct-acting agents (bulevirtide, lonafarnib, nucleic acid polymers) show higher efficacy than interferon but present common adverse reactions, potentially mitigated by combination therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Current interferon-based treatments for HDV-CH are unsatisfactory.
  • Emerging direct-acting agents represent a more effective therapeutic strategy for HDV infection.
  • Further research is needed to optimize the use and safety of new antiviral combinations for HDV-CH.