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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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Zinc: Multidimensional Effects on Living Organisms.

Math P Cuajungco1, Maria Soledad Ramirez1, Marcelo E Tolmasky1

  • 1Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.

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Summary

This review explores zinc

Keywords:
antibiotic resistanceantimicrobialsmetal chelatorsmetalloproteinszinc transporters

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Zinc is an abundant, redox-inert trace element crucial for biological systems.
  • It exists in buffered, bound, and labile (free ion) forms within cells.
  • Zinc plays vital roles in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of zinc in bacterial proliferation and its antimicrobial properties.
  • To examine zinc's influence on eukaryotic cell survival and death pathways.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of zinc and its chelators in human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific research on zinc's biological functions.
  • Analysis of zinc's impact on bacterial growth and antimicrobial mechanisms.
  • Examination of zinc's modulation of eukaryotic cell receptors, enzymes, and signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Zinc significantly influences bacterial proliferation and exhibits synergistic antimicrobial action.
  • It modulates eukaryotic cell survival and death through various cellular targets.
  • Zinc chelators can be employed therapeutically, either enhancing or opposing zinc's effects.

Conclusions:

  • Zinc's diverse cellular functions highlight its critical importance in health and disease.
  • Understanding zinc's roles offers potential therapeutic strategies for human diseases.
  • Further research into this transition metal's multidimensional effects is warranted.