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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure
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Alternative Management Systems of Beef Cattle Manure for Reducing Nitrogen Loadings: A Case-Study Approach.

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Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
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Sustainable livestock manure management systems effectively reduce agricultural pollution. Biogas-based systems offer the greatest nitrogen reduction, highlighting the importance of integrated recycling approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Livestock manure is a major source of agricultural nonpoint source pollution.
  • Manure pollution poses significant threats to environmental and human health.
  • Sustainable manure recycling is crucial for mitigating these risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alternative manure management systems in China.
  • To identify success and risk factors for different manure management types.
  • To compare the environmental effectiveness of various manure recycling strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Field interviews conducted in China.
  • Multiple case studies of manure management systems.
  • Analysis of adoption drivers and operational mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identified four main systems: compost-based, product-based, substrate-based, and biogas-based.
  • Market-oriented operations dominate all systems.
  • All systems reduced nitrogen loadings compared to direct application.
  • Biogas-based systems showed the highest nitrogen reduction, followed by product-based, substrate-based, and compost-based systems.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated management with mixed recycling systems is essential for reducing environmental effects.
  • Third-party involvement can enhance manure recycling efficiency.
  • Policy implications for sustainable manure management were discussed.