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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Breaking Down Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Aryl Chlorides: A Computational Study of Thermal-, Pressure-, and Shear-Induced Decomposition.

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Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
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Ionic Liquids as Performance Ingredients in Space Lubricants.

Erik Nyberg1, Christoph Schneidhofer2, Lucia Pisarova2

  • 1Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

New ionic liquids, P-SiSO, enhance lubricant performance in space applications. When added to multiply alkylated cyclopentane (MAC), they reduce friction and wear under vacuum and various atmospheres.

Keywords:
anti-wearconductivity improverfriction modifierlubricant additivemultiply alkylated cyclopentanes (MAC)silicate boundary filmspace-tribologytribofilm

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Tribology
  • Space Engineering

Background:

  • Room-temperature ionic liquids offer low vapor pressure, ideal for space lubricants.
  • Space environments pose challenges for lubricant supply, leading to boundary lubrication conditions.
  • Effective boundary lubrication relies on forming protective adsorbed or reacted films.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate hydrocarbon-mimicking ionic liquids (P-SiSO) as additives in multiply alkylated cyclopentane (MAC) for space applications.
  • To assess the tribological performance of MAC with P-SiSO under vacuum and various atmospheric conditions.
  • To determine the compatibility of MAC & P-SiSO with the space environment, including outgassing and electrical conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Tribological testing of MAC with P-SiSO under vacuum and different atmospheres (air, N2, CO2).
  • Measurement of thermal vacuum outgassing and electrical conductivity.
  • Comparison with heritage space lubricants: MAC and perfluoroalkyl polyethers (PFPE).

Main Results:

  • Incorporating P-SiSO into MAC demonstrated beneficial lubricating performance.
  • Effective lubrication was observed under vacuum and various atmospheric conditions.
  • The MAC & P-SiSO blend showed compatibility with space environment conditions.

Conclusions:

  • P-SiSO is a feasible multifunctional additive for hydrocarbon base oils in space exploration.
  • The addition of P-SiSO enhances the lubricating properties of MAC for space applications.
  • These findings support the use of P-SiSO-enhanced lubricants in demanding space environments.