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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Downstream Signalling from Molecular Hydrogen.

John T Hancock1, Grace Russell1

  • 1Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Molecular hydrogen (H2) shows potential in human therapy and plant science for enhancing growth. Its precise molecular mechanisms, particularly in mitigating stress responses, are still under investigation and require further research.

Keywords:
antioxidantsheme oxygenasehydrogen gashydrogenasehydroxyl radicalsmolecular hydrogennitric oxidereactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Molecular hydrogen (H2) is recognized as a signaling molecule with therapeutic potential in humans and applications in plant science.
  • Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) is a method for delivering H2 to plants, potentially enhancing growth and productivity.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms underlying H2's biological effects remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the downstream molecular mechanisms of H2 action.
  • To emphasize H2's role in mitigating plant stress responses.
  • To provide insights for future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on molecular hydrogen's biological effects.
  • Critical analysis of proposed mechanisms, including antioxidant activity and interactions with cellular signaling pathways.
  • Focus on H2's influence on stress responses in plants.

Main Results:

  • H2's potential antioxidant properties, including scavenging hydroxyl radicals, are discussed.
  • Possible involvement of H2 in modulating heme oxygenase activity and reactive nitrogen species is explored.
  • Controversies and uncertainties surrounding proposed mechanisms are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • The molecular action of H2, especially in stress mitigation, requires further elucidation.
  • Understanding H2's downstream effects is crucial for its effective application in plant science and medicine.
  • Further research is needed to resolve mechanistic debates and optimize H2-based applications.