Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.9K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.9K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.6K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.6K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.3K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.3K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

7.4K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
7.4K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

4.3K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
4.3K
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

5.6K
Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The red blood cell proteome and interactome identify a Band 3-BLVRB axis regulating hypoxic metabolic adaptation.

Blood·2026
Same author

Deep Red Blood Cell Proteome Defines the Band 3 N-Terminus Interactome as a Regulator of Hypoxic Adaptation via BLVRB-Dependent <i>S</i> -Nitroso Transfer.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Enzyme Engineering Database (EnzEngDB): a platform for sharing and interpreting sequence-function relationships across protein engineering campaigns.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

Differential reactivity of bacillithiol, mycothiol and glutathione with nitroxyl (HNO): Structural determinants and potential biological implications.

Redox biology·2025
Same author

Illuminating the universe of enzyme catalysis in the era of artificial intelligence.

Cell systems·2025
Same author

Enzymatic Stereodivergent Synthesis of Azaspiro[2.y]alkanes.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
08:23

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

4.5K

Nitroaromatic Antibiotics as Nitrogen Oxide Sources.

Allison M Rice1, Yueming Long1, S Bruce King1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.

Biomolecules
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitroaromatic antibiotics can treat infections by generating nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Understanding NO release pathways could lead to safer, more effective treatments for anaerobic bacterial and parasitic diseases.

Keywords:
infectious diseasesmetronidazolenitric oxide (NO)nitritenitroaromatic antibioticsnitroxyl (HNO)reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

More Related Videos

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.4K
Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

18.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
08:23

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

4.5K
A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.4K
Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

18.3K

Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Antimicrobial Drug Development
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Nitroaromatic antibiotics are effective against anaerobic bacteria and parasites, including those causing tuberculosis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis.
  • Therapeutic development of these drugs is hindered by toxicity and poorly understood mechanisms of action.
  • Reductive bioactivation is essential for nitroaromatic antibiotic activity, involving the conversion of the nitro group to nitric oxide (NO) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the release of nitrogen oxide species from nitroaromatic antibiotics.
  • To explore the potential for designing new therapeutics based on controlled NO generation.
  • To highlight the impact of these compounds on infectious disease treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of nitroaromatic antibiotics and their mechanisms of action.
  • Analysis of studies detailing nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation.
  • Examination of the role of NO in host defense mechanisms against pathogens.

Main Results:

  • Nitroaromatic antibiotics generate NO/RNS through reductive metabolism, which is crucial for their antimicrobial activity.
  • NO plays a dual role in host defense, acting as both a signaling molecule and mediating redox-based immunity.
  • Controlled generation of NO from nitroaromatic compounds presents a promising avenue for therapeutic innovation.

Conclusions:

  • Defining controlled NO generation pathways from nitroaromatic antibiotics is key to overcoming their toxicity.
  • This understanding can facilitate the design of novel therapeutics for challenging infectious diseases.
  • Nitroaromatic antibiotics hold significant potential for improving the treatment of anaerobic bacterial and parasitic infections.