Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

788
The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
788
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

1.7K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
1.7K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

827
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
827
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

3.1K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
3.1K
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

57.1K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
57.1K
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

844
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
844

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Localizing value of cutaneous ictal phenomena: A systematic review.

Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape·2026
Same author

Cost-effectiveness analysis of resective epilepsy surgery in drug-resistant patients: an artificial intelligence data modeling.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same author

Diagnostic yield of chromosomal microarray and virtual targeted gene panel analysis in adults with focal epilepsy: implications for sequential genetic testing strategy.

Seizure·2026
Same author

Metastable dynamics emerge from local excitatory-inhibitory homeostasis in the cortex at rest.

Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2025
Same author

Publisher Correction: Representational dynamics during extinction of fear memories in the human brain.

Nature human behaviour·2025
Same author

Representational dynamics during extinction of fear memories in the human brain.

Nature human behaviour·2025
Same journal

Tau protein as a regulator of mitochondrial function and dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

A scalable, dividing cell model for the robust propagation and quantification of human sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Epigenetic regulation of mesenchymal BMP signaling directs postnatal organ innervation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Single-shot wide-field biochemical imaging at 1 kHz frame rate.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Morphogenesis and topological evolution of a frustrated nematic liquid crystal under confinement.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

B cell-intrinsic CXCR3 drives efficient generation of ectopic pulmonary germinal center responses to influenza A virus infection.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
07:33

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

12.0K

Volitional learning promotes theta phase coding in the human hippocampus.

Daniel Pacheco Estefan1,2,3, Riccardo Zucca2,4,5, Xerxes Arsiwalla2,3

  • 1Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active learning enhances memory and hippocampal theta oscillations in humans. This process uses a phase coding scheme to organize information, improving memory recall and semantic similarity segregation.

Keywords:
active learninghippocampusintracranial EEGneural phase codingtheta oscillations

More Related Videos

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit
11:37

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.1K
Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG
09:35

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Published on: March 10, 2017

9.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
07:33

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

12.0K
Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit
11:37

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.1K
Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG
09:35

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Published on: March 10, 2017

9.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Active navigation in rodents enhances hippocampal theta oscillations (4-12 Hz), aiding neural coding.
  • Understanding how active learning impacts human memory and neural oscillations is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if active learning promotes a phase coding regime in humans.
  • To compare neural activity during active versus passive learning conditions in humans.
  • To examine the role of hippocampal theta oscillations in active learning and memory retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) data from epilepsy patients.
  • Comparison of learning and memory performance under volitional (active) and passive learning conditions.
  • Examination of hippocampal theta oscillations (3-8 Hz) and stimulus-specific neural reactivation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Active learning significantly improved memory performance and hippocampal theta oscillations compared to passive learning.
  • Stimulus-specific information reactivation was more accurate during active learning.
  • Representational signals clustered to opposite theta phases during encoding and retrieval.
  • Theta phase coding reflected semantic similarity, segregating conceptually related items during active learning.

Conclusions:

  • Active learning in humans utilizes a lower frequency theta range (3-8 Hz) for phase coding, similar to rodents.
  • This phylogenetically old phase coding mechanism enhances memory consolidation and retrieval accuracy.
  • The temporal structure of neural reactivation within theta cycles is critical for organizing and retrieving semantic information.