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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Side effect warnings can trigger the nocebo effect, causing harm despite being necessary for informed consent.
  • Positive framing is a proposed method to mitigate nocebo side effects, but empirical data are mixed.
  • The nocebo effect presents a challenge in balancing informed consent with patient well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if positive attribute framing reduces nocebo side effects compared to negative framing, general warnings, or no warning.
  • To investigate the impact of different warning frames on adverse events in a virtual reality (VR) context.

Main Methods:

  • Ninety-nine healthy volunteers participated in a study on VR and spatial awareness.
  • Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four conditions: positively framed, negatively framed, general, or no side effect warning.
  • Cybersickness was measured after VR exposure.

Main Results:

  • Side effect warnings generally increased VR cybersickness, confirming the nocebo effect.
  • Positive framing significantly reduced cybersickness compared to negative framing and general warnings.
  • No significant difference in cybersickness was observed between positive framing and no warning.

Conclusions:

  • Positive attribute framing effectively prevents nocebo side effects, unlike negative or general warnings.
  • This method offers a cost-effective and ethical strategy to minimize harm from side effect warnings.
  • Positive framing appears to eliminate the induction of nocebo side effects entirely.