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Complications and Soft-Tissue Coverage After Complete Articular, Open Tibial Plafond Fractures
Jeffrey J Olson1, Krishna Anand2, John G Esposito3
1Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Harvard Medical School Orthopedic Trauma Initiative, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
Objectives:
To evaluate the incidence of nonunion and wound complications after open, complete articular pilon fractures. Second, to study the effect that both timing of fixation and timing of flap coverage have on deep infection rates.
Design:
Retrospective case series.
Setting:
Three Academic Level 1 Trauma Centers.
Patients:
One hundred sixty-one patients with open OTA/AO type 43C distal tibia fractures treated with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) between 2002 and 2018. The mean (SD) age was 46 (14) years, 70% male, with median (interquartile range) follow-up of 2.1 (1.3-5.0) years (minimum 1 year). There were 133 (83%) type 3A and 28 (17%) type 3B open fractures.
Intervention:
Fracture fixation: acute, primary (<24 hours) versus delayed, staged ORIF (>24 hours). Soft-tissue coverage: rotational or free flap.
Main Outcome Measurement:
Primary outcomes included deep infection and nonunion. Secondary outcomes included rates of soft-tissue coverage and reoperation.
Results:
Acute fixation (<24 hours) was performed in 36 (22%) patients; 125 (78%) underwent delayed, staged fixation. Deep infection occurred in 27% patients and was associated with men (33% vs. 16%, P = 0.029), smoking (38% vs. 23%, P = 0.047), and type 3B fractures (39% vs. 25%, P = 0.046). Acute fixation of type 3A fractures demonstrated a higher rate of infection (38% vs. 20% P = 0.036) than delayed, staged fixation. In type 3B fractures, early flap coverage (<1 week) demonstrated a lower rate of infection (18% vs. 53%, P = 0.066) and 20% (vs. 43%) with a single-staged "fix and flap" procedure (P = 0.408). Nonunion occurred in 36 (22%) and was associated with deep infection (43% vs. 15%, P < 0.001). Fifteen (42%) were septic nonunions. Twenty-nine of the 36 (81%) nonunions achieved radiographic union after median (interquartile range) 27 (20-41) weeks and median (range) 1 (1-3) revision ORIF procedures. There was no difference in the rate of secondary union between septic and aseptic nonunions (85% vs. 86%, P = 1.00). There was a high rate of secondary procedures (47%): revision ORIF (17%), irrigation and debridement (15%), and removal of implants (11%).
Conclusions:
Complete articular, open pilon fractures are associated with a high rate of complications after ORIF. Early fixation carries a high risk of deep infection; however, early flap coverage for 3B fractures seems to play a protective role. We advocate for aggressive management including urgent surgical debridement and very early soft-tissue cover combined with definitive fixation during single procedure if possible.
Level Of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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