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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model
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Computerized spermatogenesis staging (CSS) of mouse testis sections via quantitative histomorphological analysis.

Jun Xu1, Haoda Lu1, Haixin Li2

  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technique and CICAEET, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.

Medical Image Analysis
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new Computerized Staging system of Spermatogenesis (CSS) automates mouse testis staging, proving more accurate and faster than human histologists. This AI tool aids in evaluating spermatogenic quality and diagnosing infertility.

Keywords:
Computerized staging of spermatogenesisDeep learningMouse testicular section imagesMouse testis histologySeminiferous tubulesSperm developmentSpermatogenic cell segmentation

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Computational Pathology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Spermatogenesis, essential for male fertility, involves complex cellular development across 12 stages within the seminiferous epithelium.
  • Histological staging of testis sections is crucial for assessing spermatogenic quality and identifying infertility-related defects.
  • Manual staging is time-consuming, requires extensive expertise, and is prone to variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated Computerized Staging system of Spermatogenesis (CSS) for mouse testis sections.
  • To improve the accuracy and efficiency of spermatogenic staging compared to manual methods.
  • To provide a tool that could potentially aid in the future diagnosis of human infertility.

Main Methods:

  • Development of computational image analysis models for segmenting seminiferous tubule regions and spermatogenic cell types.
  • Automated classification of tubules into three main stage groups: Early Stages (I-V), Middle Stages (VI-VIII), and Late Stages (IX-XII).
  • Further automated classification of Middle Stages into distinct substages (VI, VII-mVIII, late VIII) using novel histomorphological features.

Main Results:

  • The CSS system achieved high accuracy in classifying stage groups: Early Stages (0.93 ± 0.03), Middle Stages (0.94 ± 0.11), and Late Stages (0.89 ± 0.05).
  • Specific substage classification accuracy for Middle Stages was also notable: Stage VI (0.74 ± 0.03), VII-mVIII (0.85 ± 0.04), and late VIII (0.78 ± 0.06).
  • The CSS system significantly reduced evaluation time to 1.87 hours per testis section compared to 3 hours for a human histologist, while demonstrating superior accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CSS system offers a more accurate and efficient method for staging mouse spermatogenesis.
  • The system's performance rivals and surpasses that of experienced human histologists.
  • Further development of the CSS holds promise for comprehensive staging of all 12 spermatogenic stages and potential applications in human infertility diagnostics.