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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Phonological Underspecification: An Explanation for How a Rake Can Become Awake.

Alycia E Cummings1, Ying C Wu2, Diane A Ogiela1

  • 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Idaho State University, Meridian, ID, United States.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|March 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that the underspecified glide phoneme /wɑ/ elicits a larger mismatch negativity (MMN) response than the specified liquid phoneme /ɹɑ/, supporting phonological underspecification theories.

Keywords:
EEGERPERSPMMNgammaphonologythetaunderspecification

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Neural markers like mismatch negativity (MMN) assess phonological underspecification in English.
  • Previous research has not examined neural indices for approximant phonemes, despite processing differences between liquids (/ɹ/) and glides (/w/).
  • The Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL) model predicts underspecified phonemes elicit stronger neural responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate electrophysiological asymmetries related to [consonantal] underspecification in glide (/wɑ/) versus liquid (/ɹɑ/) phonemes.
  • To test FUL predictions that less specified phonemes evoke larger MMN responses.
  • To explore neural oscillation patterns as potential indices of phonological underspecification.

Main Methods:

  • An event-related potential (ERP) oddball paradigm was used with 15 adult English speakers.
  • Syllables /ɹɑ/ ([+consonantal]) and /wɑ/ (unspecified [consonantal]) served as standard and deviant stimuli.
  • Analyses included traditional MMN amplitude, cluster-based permutation tests, and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP).

Main Results:

  • The underspecified /wɑ/ elicited a significantly larger MMN than the specified /ɹɑ/.
  • /wɑ/ evoked a larger negative response in ERP waveforms compared to /ɹɑ/.
  • ERSP analyses revealed differences in theta and gamma activity between /ɹɑ/ and /wɑ/, with potential hemispheric asymmetries.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support FUL predictions for the [consonantal] feature, extending underspecification to approximant phonemes.
  • This study provides novel evidence for phonological underspecification using neural markers.
  • Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analyses suggest new neural oscillation indices for studying phonological underspecification.