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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
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Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
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Advances in Oral Drug Delivery.

Mohammed S Alqahtani1,2, Mohsin Kazi1, Mohammad A Alsenaidy1,2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|March 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Oral drug administration is preferred for its convenience. This review explores barriers to oral drug absorption and strategies, including novel drug delivery systems, to improve bioavailability, also addressing pediatric formulation challenges.

Keywords:
biodegradablelipophilicnanoparticlesoral drug deliverysolubilitystomach

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • The oral route is the most common and preferred method for drug administration due to its non-invasiveness and patient convenience.
  • Several factors, including drug solubility, mucosal permeability, and gastrointestinal stability, significantly impact oral drug absorption and bioavailability.
  • Understanding physicochemical, biochemical, metabolic, and biological barriers is crucial for overcoming limitations in oral drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological and pharmaceutical barriers that influence drug bioavailability via the oral route.
  • To discuss conventional and novel drug delivery strategies aimed at enhancing oral drug absorption.
  • To address the specific challenges and developmental aspects of pediatric oral formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on oral drug absorption barriers.
  • Analysis of various pharmaceutical technologies and drug delivery systems.
  • Examination of strategies to improve oral bioavailability.

Main Results:

  • Identified key physiological and pharmaceutical barriers affecting oral drug absorption.
  • Highlighted the role of advanced drug delivery systems (nanocarriers, micelles, cyclodextrins, lipid-based carriers) in enhancing bioavailability.
  • Discussed the complexities of developing effective oral formulations for pediatric populations.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming barriers to oral drug absorption requires a multifaceted approach involving advanced drug delivery systems.
  • Novel strategies show promise for improving drug bioavailability through the oral route.
  • Pediatric oral formulation development presents unique challenges that need specific consideration.