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Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
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Drop-Casting to Make Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells under High Humidity.

Chuantian Zuo1, Liming Ding1

  • 1Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Drop-casting enables efficient fabrication of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) films for solar cells by controlling crystal orientation via temperature. This method offers superior humidity tolerance, achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) even in humid conditions.

Keywords:
crystal growthcrystal orientationdrop-castinghumidityperovskite solar cells

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) is a key material in perovskite solar cells.
  • Controlling film morphology and crystal orientation is crucial for device performance.
  • Fabrication methods need to be robust and tolerant to environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of temperature on crystal growth and morphology of MAPbI₃ films fabricated by drop-casting.
  • To propose a mechanism for crystal formation and morphology development.
  • To evaluate the performance of MAPbI₃ solar cells fabricated under humid conditions using drop-casting.

Main Methods:

  • Drop-casting of MAPbI₃ precursor solutions.
  • In situ crystal growth studies.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements.
  • Fabrication and characterization of MAPbI₃ solar cells.

Main Results:

  • Temperature control during drop-casting influences the crystal orientation of MAPbI₃ films: (110) at low temperatures (60°C) and (200) at high temperatures (≥120°C).
  • Different crystal growth modes result in distinct film morphologies.
  • Drop-casting exhibits significantly higher humidity tolerance compared to spin-coating.
  • A MAPbI₃ solar cell fabricated under 88% humidity achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.17% without antisolvent assistance.

Conclusions:

  • Drop-casting offers a viable method for fabricating MAPbI₃ films with controlled crystal orientation and morphology.
  • The drop-casting technique demonstrates exceptional humidity tolerance, enabling high-performance perovskite solar cells under challenging environmental conditions.
  • This work sets a new benchmark for perovskite solar cell fabrication under high humidity without antisolvent assistance.