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Common Respiratory Disorders

Common Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

Breathing

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Role of Inflammation in the Co-occurrence of Primary Sjogren's Syndrome and Lung Adenocarcinoma

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Role of Inflammation in the Co-occurrence of Primary Sjogren's Syndrome and Lung Adenocarcinoma

Published on: September 20, 2024

Less Common Respiratory Conditions: Sarcoidosis.

Scott Garland¹, Nathan Falk¹, Ashley Wilk¹

¹Florida State University College of Medicine Family Medicine Residency Program at BayCare Health System, 1201 1st St S Suite 100A, Winter Haven, FL 33880.

|March 8, 2021

Summary

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease affecting multiple organs, commonly the lungs. Diagnosis requires excluding other conditions, with specific syndromes offering definitive identification.

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Published on: March 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Immunology
Systemic Diseases

Background:

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease affecting over 90% of cases in the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes.
It can also impact cardiac, ocular, hepatic, dermatologic, and central nervous systems.
Pulmonary sarcoidosis presentation is nonspecific, often detected incidentally on chest x-rays.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies for sarcoidosis.
To highlight key diagnostic criteria and syndromes.
To outline current therapeutic approaches for sarcoidosis.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on sarcoidosis diagnosis and management.
Discussion of differential diagnoses for lymphadenopathy.
Identification of diagnostic syndromes: Lofgren syndrome, Heerfordt syndrome, and lupus pernio.

Main Results:

Sarcoidosis diagnosis requires exclusion of other conditions like tuberculosis and cancer.
Granulomatous findings on lymph node biopsy support the diagnosis.
Lofgren syndrome, Heerfordt syndrome, and lupus pernio are diagnostic of sarcoidosis.

Conclusions:

Most sarcoidosis cases resolve spontaneously.
Treatment is reserved for progressive pulmonary or extrapulmonary involvement.
Systemic corticosteroids are first-line, with methotrexate or hydroxychloroquine as second-line options for refractory cases.