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Body:After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt...
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Recent Progress in Bile Acid-Based Antimicrobials.

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Bile acids are explored as stable, biocompatible antimicrobial agents to combat drug-resistant microbes and biofilms. This review details various bile acid-based antimicrobial designs and their mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Rising threat of drug-resistant bacteria and microbial biofilms to global health.
  • Limitations of natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including instability and high cost.
  • Bile acids offer stability, biocompatibility, and amphiphilic properties for antimicrobial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in bile acid-based antimicrobial agents.
  • To categorize different designs of bile acid-derived antimicrobials.
  • To discuss the interaction mechanisms of these novel antimicrobials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on bile acid-based antimicrobial synthesis and characterization.
  • Categorization of unimolecular, oligomeric, and macromolecular bile acid antimicrobials.
  • Analysis of structure-activity relationships and proposed mechanisms of action.

Main Results:

  • Introduction of unimolecular antimicrobials via coupling amine, quaternary ammonium, and amino acid units to bile acid skeletons.
  • Summary of oligomeric antimicrobials, including bile acid dimers.
  • Discussion of macromolecular antimicrobials with charged moieties and their interaction mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Bile acid-based compounds represent a promising class of antimicrobials.
  • Diverse structural modifications allow for tailored antimicrobial properties.
  • Further research into bile acid antimicrobials could address challenges posed by resistant infections.