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Gut Innate Immunity and HIV Pathogenesis.

Stephanie M Dillon1, Cara C Wilson2

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. stephanie.dillon@cuanschutz.edu.

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Area of Science:

  • * Innate immunity in the gastro-intestinal tract.
  • * Gut immune cell populations and their functions.
  • * Impact of HIV on gut immunity.

Background:

  • * Innate immune cells in the gut are vital for pathogen defense, adaptive immunity, and maintaining homeostasis.
  • * These cells form a complex network crucial for intestinal health.
  • * This review focuses on innate immune cell roles in gut immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To describe the roles of various innate immune cell populations in gut immunity.
  • * To detail studies on the impact of acute and chronic HIV infection on these cell populations.
  • * To highlight the need for understanding mechanisms of impairment in HIV.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of existing literature on gut innate immunity and HIV.
  • * Analysis of studies investigating innate immune cell alterations in people with HIV (PWH).
  • * Examination of phenotypic and functional changes in specific cell types.

Main Results:

  • * Alterations in frequencies, phenotype, and function of innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate-like T cells are reported in PWH.
  • * These immune dysregulations persist in many PWH despite antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression.
  • * Dysregulated gut innate immunity is a key feature of gut pathogenesis in PWH.

Conclusions:

  • * Impaired gut innate immune cell populations contribute to gut pathogenesis in PWH.
  • * Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms driving these impairments.
  • * Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective HIV treatments and cure strategies.