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Published on: March 29, 2019
Bladder Cancer: Update on Risk Factors, Molecular and Ultrastructural Patterns
Liudmila M Mikhaleva1, Valentina V Pechnikova1, Akhmed M Pshikhachev2
1Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow117418, Russian Federation.
Objective:
The molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer development and progression are not clear. Bladder cancer is an important focus for epidemiological studies and understanding clinical implications.
Goal:
The primary aim of prevention is achieved by limiting exposure to non-genetic risk factors, such as smoking, diet, arsenic in drinking water, or aromatic amines at work or elsewhere. Current therapies for bladder cancer are affected by tumor morphology and associated acquired genetic mutations.
Methods:
A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases to find studies of bladder cancer published between 1984 and early 2020. The focus was articles that address epidemiological risk factors and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Articles were selected that enabled our review of these factors as well as molecular and structural patterns.
Results:
There are multiple views of bladder cancer. The literature offers several novel insights regarding the development and progression of bladder cancer and possible biomarkers that may be useful in clinical and diagnostic practice.
Conclusion:
There are several molecular pathways associated with bladder cancer that are frequently updated. In addition, genetic subtypes of bladder tumors are not distinguished clearly which requires future more detailed analysis.
Insights
Understanding bladder cancer requires further research into its molecular mechanisms and genetic subtypes. Identifying novel biomarkers and risk factors is crucial for improved prevention and treatment strategies.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Epidemiology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Bladder cancer development and progression mechanisms remain unclear.
- Epidemiological studies and clinical implications are critical for bladder cancer research.
- Prevention strategies focus on non-genetic risk factors like smoking, diet, and environmental exposures.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review epidemiological risk factors for bladder cancer.
- To explore the underlying pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer.
- To identify potential biomarkers for clinical and diagnostic use.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature search of multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, etc.) from 1984 to early 2020.
- Selection of articles focusing on bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and molecular mechanisms.
- Analysis of studies addressing molecular and structural patterns in bladder cancer.
Main Results:
- The literature provides novel insights into bladder cancer development and progression.
- Several potential biomarkers for clinical and diagnostic applications have been identified.
- Multiple molecular pathways are associated with bladder cancer, with ongoing updates.
Conclusions:
- Further detailed analysis is needed to clearly distinguish genetic subtypes of bladder tumors.
- Continued research into molecular pathways is essential for advancing bladder cancer understanding.
- Integrating epidemiological and molecular findings can improve bladder cancer management.
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