Endovascular arteriovenous fistulas- are they the answer we haven't been looking for?

Surgically created arteriovenous fistulas are the accepted gold standard for the establishment of hemodialysis access in patients requiring dialysis. However, primary and maturation failures may limit their usage. Recent advances in endovascular technology have resulted in the creation of devices for endovascular arteriovenous fistula formation. These devices may offer an additional or alternative approach to fistula formation in patients with end-stage kidney disease.

This review describes the limitations of surgical arteriovenous fistulas and the endovascular devices currently available. The review covers initial trial data and subsequent studies examining their use.

Early results achieved with endovascular fistula formation are encouraging. Current limitations of this technology include anatomic suitability and a high rate of re-interventions required to establish maturity. Greater uptake of the technology will also require a review of long-term outcomes in larger patient cohorts.