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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

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Spatial Temporal Analysis of Fieldwise Flow in Microvasculature
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Real-Time High Frame Rate Color Flow Mapping System.

Francesco Guidi, Piero Tortoli

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |March 10, 2021
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a real-time implementation of plane wave (PW) color flow mapping (CFM) for high frame rate (HFR) ultrasound imaging. The system achieves high frame rates and accurate flow detection, improving diagnostic capabilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ultrasound imaging
    • Medical physics
    • Biomedical engineering

    Background:

    • Plane wave (PW) transmission enhances color flow mapping (CFM) performance by increasing ensemble length (EL) and frame rate (FR).
    • High frame rate (HFR) CFM is typically limited to offline processing on research platforms.
    • Real-time implementation of PW CFM with advanced processing is needed for clinical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the full real-time implementation of PW CFM with continuous-time clutter filtering and extended FR/EL.
    • To evaluate the performance of this HFR CFM system using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and digital signal processors (DSPs).
    • To demonstrate the system's capability for sensitive and accurate flow detection in vivo.

    Main Methods:

    • Full real-time implementation of PW CFM on the ULA-OP 256 research scanner.
    • Programming FPGAs for high-speed parallel beamforming and DSPs for autocorrelation-based CFM processing.
    • Integration of a fourth-order Chebyshev continuous-time high-pass filter for clutter rejection.
    • Testing continuous and interleaved PW transmission strategies.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved CFM frame rates up to 575 frames per second.
    • Programmable autocorrelation EL up to 64 enabled high sensitivity and accuracy (average relative errors down to 0.4% ± 8.4%).
    • Continuous-time clutter filtering demonstrated effective clutter rejection compared to packet data processing.
    • In vivo HFR movies of common carotid artery flow revealed secondary flow components.

    Conclusions:

    • Real-time implementation of PW CFM with continuous-time clutter filtering is feasible and effective.
    • The developed system significantly enhances frame rate and ensemble length for HFR CFM.
    • This technology offers improved sensitivity and accuracy for visualizing blood flow dynamics.