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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

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The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Pituitary in the Spotlight.

Martin Reincke1, Jürgen Honegger2

  • 1Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany.

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [And] German Diabetes Association
|March 10, 2021
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Summary

The German Society of Endocrinology presents a guideline on diagnosing and treating hormonally inactive pituitary tumors. This series features international experts discussing advancements in pituitary condition management.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The German Society of Endocrinology (DGE) has a strong focus on pituitary gland research and clinical practice.
  • The interdisciplinary 'Arbeitsgemeinschaft Hypophyse' (Pituitary Working Group) is dedicated to improving diagnosis and treatment of pituitary disorders.
  • This publication coincides with the English release of the S2K clinical guideline on managing clinically hormonally inactive pituitary tumors.

Discussion:

  • The series addresses the complexities of diagnosing and treating pituitary tumors that do not produce excess hormones.
  • It highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach involving various medical specialties.
  • The articles delve into current therapeutic strategies and diagnostic challenges for these specific tumors.

Key Insights:

  • Presents a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on inactive pituitary tumors.
  • Emphasizes the collaborative efforts of German and international experts in endocrinology and neurosurgery.
  • Offers practical guidance based on the S2K guideline for clinical application.

Outlook:

  • Future research directions in pituitary tumor management.
  • Potential advancements in non-invasive diagnostic techniques.
  • Long-term therapeutic outcomes and patient follow-up strategies.