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Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Aggression01:47

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
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Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Cingulum White Matter Integrity as a Mediator Between Harm Avoidance and Hostility.

Yini He1, Kaixin Li2, Jin Li3

  • 1Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

Neuroscience
|March 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Harm avoidance temperament, a personality trait, is linked to increased hostility. This study identifies the cingulum white matter tract as a key neural correlate, suggesting a pathway from temperament to aggression.

Keywords:
cingulumharm avoidancehostilitymediation analysistemperamentwhite matter

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Hostility poses risks to individuals and society.
  • Anxiety-related traits may predispose individuals to hostility.
  • The neural basis and temperament-related mechanisms of hostility are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between temperament and hostility.
  • To identify the neural correlates of hostility in healthy adults.
  • To explore the pathway linking temperament, brain structure, and hostility.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed temperament using Cloninger's model and hostility via self-report questionnaires in 357 healthy adults.
  • Utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for whole-brain white matter integrity analysis.
  • Employed mediation analysis to examine the relationship between temperament, white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), and hostility.

Main Results:

  • A significant correlation was found between harm avoidance temperament and hostility.
  • The cingulum white matter tract showed a significant association with hostility.
  • Mediation analysis supported a pathway where harm avoidance temperament influences hostility via white matter integrity.

Conclusions:

  • Harm avoidance temperament is a potential susceptibility factor for hostility.
  • The cingulum white matter region plays a crucial role in the neural basis of hostility.
  • A temperament-brain-attitude pathway model was proposed to explain how personality traits contribute to aggressive attitudes.