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    Area of Science:

    • Control Theory
    • Networked Systems
    • Robotics

    Background:

    • Multiagent systems (MASs) face challenges in coordinated tasks like formation tracking.
    • Bipartite time-varying formation (BTVF) tracking requires complex coordination between antagonistic subgroups.
    • Leader-following control in MASs often relies on global information or complex protocols.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an adaptive nonsmooth protocol for BTVF tracking in linear MASs.
    • To enable tracking with a leader exhibiting unknown input.
    • To achieve BTVF tracking on signed digraphs using only local output feedback.

    Main Methods:

    • An adaptive nonsmooth control protocol is proposed.
    • The protocol utilizes local output feedback, avoiding Laplacian matrix eigenvalue analysis.
    • Lyapunov methods are employed for convergence analysis.

    Main Results:

    • BTVF tracking is achieved for MASs with a structurally balanced interaction network containing a spanning tree.
    • The proposed scheme successfully handles a leader with bounded, unknown input.
    • Numerical simulations validate the performance of the adaptive protocol.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed adaptive nonsmooth protocol effectively enables leader-following BTVF tracking in linear MASs.
    • The reliance on local output feedback simplifies implementation and enhances robustness.
    • The findings are applicable to coordinated control problems in networked systems.