Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

3.0K
Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
3.0K
Aging01:26

Aging

415
Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
415
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

84
Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
84
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

77
As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
77
Menopause01:28

Menopause

3.3K
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
3.3K
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

63
Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
63

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

HLA Transgenic Mice as a Model to Uncover Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Current protocols·2025
Same author

Gut Microbes as the Major Drivers of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Our Microbes Are Our Fortune!

Microorganisms·2025
Same author

Small intestinal derived Prevotella histicola simulates biologic as a therapeutic agent.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Gut microbiota as a sensor of autoimmune response and treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

Immunological reviews·2024
Same author

Multi-Site Microbiome Composition in Atopic Dermatitis: A Case-Control Study.

Annals of dermatology·2024
Same author

<i>Eggerthella lenta</i> augments preclinical autoantibody production and metabolic shift mimicking senescence in arthritis.

Science advances·2023
Same journal

Bilateral macronodular and micronodular hyperplasia: Biochemical, radiological and genetic diagnosis.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

ACTH independent Cushing's syndrome: Diagnosis and etiology.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

Biochemical diagnosis of hypercortisolism: When and how?

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

New tools for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

Cardiometabolic comorbidities in overt Cushing's syndrome.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

Molecular profile of Cushing's syndrome.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
07:58

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Published on: April 16, 2012

35.3K

Sexual dimorphism, aging and immunity.

Veena Taneja1

  • 1Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.

Vitamins and Hormones
|March 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex differences in immune responses impact health and lifespan. Understanding sexual dimorphism in immunity is crucial for developing personalized, sex-based medical treatments.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityEnvironmentEpigeneticsGeneticInfectionsMHCMicroRNAMicrobiomeSex-hormonesX chromosome

More Related Videos

Frailty Assessment in an Aging Mouse Model
06:58

Frailty Assessment in an Aging Mouse Model

Published on: September 23, 2025

176
A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
07:58

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Published on: April 16, 2012

35.3K
Frailty Assessment in an Aging Mouse Model
06:58

Frailty Assessment in an Aging Mouse Model

Published on: September 23, 2025

176
A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sex disparities in health and lifespan are linked to immune system differences between males and females.
  • Lifestyle, environment, nutrition, and sex hormones significantly influence immune responses and disease susceptibility.
  • Sexual dimorphism in innate and adaptive immunity affects responses to infections and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of sexual dimorphism in immune responses and its impact on health and lifespan.
  • To investigate how sex hormones, genetic factors, and lifestyle influence immune system variations.
  • To highlight the need for sex-based treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex differences in immunity.
  • Analysis of hormonal regulation of immune cells and tissues.
  • Examination of genetic and epigenetic influences on immune function.

Main Results:

  • Females exhibit enhanced adaptive immunity due to genetic factors and X chromosome genes, leading to higher antibody production.
  • Estrogen receptors are widely expressed, influencing immune cells, while androgen receptor expression is more limited.
  • Hormonal changes throughout life and aging impact immune senescence, with females having an early-life advantage but potential age-related pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • Sexual dimorphism in immunity is a key determinant of health and disease outcomes.
  • Sex hormones, genetics, and lifestyle interact to shape immune responses.
  • Developing sex-specific treatment guidelines is essential for optimizing therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes.