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Related Concept Videos

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 13, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Glenoid Orientation and Profile in Atraumatic or Microtraumatic Posterior Shoulder Instability: Morphological

Yon-Sik Yoo1, Jeehyoung Kim2, Wooyoung Im3

  • 1Camp 9 Orthopedic Clinic, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
|March 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A convex glenoid shape is linked to atraumatic posterior shoulder instability (PSI). Humeral head eccentricity is a key factor in this condition, but glenoid retroversion is not significantly correlated with PSI.

Keywords:
computed tomography arthrographyglenoid morphologyglenoid retroversionhumeral head centricitymicrotraumaposterior shoulder instability

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Sports medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Posterior shoulder instability (PSI) is uncommon, affecting about 10% of patients with shoulder instability.
  • It can result from acute trauma, multidirectional instability, or recurrent microtrauma.
  • Atraumatic or microtraumatic PSI is often misdiagnosed due to unclear pathoanatomy and management knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between glenoid morphologic factors and atraumatic or microtraumatic posterior shoulder instability (PSI).

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study (Level of evidence, 3) compared 39 patients with PSI (undergoing arthroscopic posterior labral repair) to 117 controls.
  • Computed tomography arthrography (CTA) assessed glenoid version, shape, and humeral head centricity.
  • Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with PSI.

Main Results:

  • A convex glenoid shape was significantly associated with PSI (odds ratio, 5.39; P = .0207).
  • Humeral head eccentricity was more common in the PSI group (54%) compared to controls (40%; P = .031).
  • No significant differences were found in glenoid version or flat glenoid shape between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Convex glenoid shape is a significant indicator of atraumatic or microtraumatic PSI.
  • Humeral head eccentricity plays a substantial role in the convex glenoid morphology observed in PSI.
  • Glenoid retroversion is not a significant factor in atraumatic or microtraumatic PSI.