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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway02:54

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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 13, 2025

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
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TGFβ family signaling and development.

Shunji Jia1, Anming Meng1

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China jiasj@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn mengam@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|March 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling is crucial for development and homeostasis, regulating key cellular processes. This review details TGFβ subfamily pathway mechanisms and their roles in embryonic development and tissue formation.

Keywords:
BMPDevelopmentEmbryoNodalTGFβ

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Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor ß Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos
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Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling family is evolutionarily conserved and plays vital roles in multicellular organisms.
  • TGFβ signaling pathways are extensively studied, with well-understood signal transduction mechanisms.
  • Dysregulation of TGFβ signaling is implicated in various human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the molecular mechanisms of TGFβ subfamily signal transduction and regulation.
  • To highlight the key functions of TGFβ signaling in embryonic development.
  • To review the roles of TGFβ in tissue and organ formation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of TGFβ subfamily pathway regulation.
  • Synthesis of data on TGFβ functions in development.

Main Results:

  • Detailed discussion of TGFβ signal transduction and regulation.
  • Identification of key roles in mesendoderm induction, dorsoventral patterning, and laterality development.
  • Examples of TGFβ functions in the formation of specific tissues/organs.

Conclusions:

  • TGFβ signaling is fundamental for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
  • Understanding TGFβ pathways provides insights into developmental processes and disease.
  • Further research into TGFβ regulation can inform therapeutic strategies.