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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Updated: Nov 13, 2025

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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Identifying and characterizing virus-encoded circular RNAs.

Takanobu Tagawa1, Vishal N Kopardé2, Joseph M Ziegelbauer1

  • 1HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|March 13, 2021
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Summary

This review explores methods for studying virus-encoded circular RNAs, which are protected from degradation. It covers techniques for enrichment, discovery, and validation of these unique viral RNA molecules.

Keywords:
Circular RNAEpstein-Barr virusHuman papilloma virusKaposi sarcoma herpesvirusViral non-coding RNAVirus

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Last Updated: Nov 13, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are found in viruses and offer protection from degradation.
  • Investigating virus-encoded circRNAs presents unique challenges due to viral genome characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of current methods for studying virus-encoded circular RNAs.
  • To highlight specific techniques for enrichment, discovery, and validation of viral circRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Enrichment strategies for isolating circular RNAs.
  • Computational analysis of RNA-sequencing data for circRNA discovery.
  • Validation techniques for confirming expression of specific viral circRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Discussion of features of circular RNAs and their unique enrichment methods.
  • Exploration of computational approaches for discovering novel virus-encoded circRNAs.
  • Illustration of methods for validating expression of specific viral circRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Effective methods exist for studying virus-encoded circRNAs, though challenges remain.
  • Further research into novel methods is needed to fully understand viral circRNA functions.