Physiological responses and genome-wide characterization of TaNRAMP1 gene in Mn-deficient wheat

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for plants. This study elucidates the physiological consequences and characterization of TaNRAMP1 transporter in Mn-starved wheat. The cellular integrity, redox status, chlorophyll score, and Fv/Fm were severely affected, accompanied by decreased Mn concentration in root and shoot in Mn-deficient wheat. However, Fe concentration and root phytosiderophore release were not affected, contradicting the interactions of Fe status with Mn under Mn shortage. The genome-wide identification of TaNRAMP1 (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1), known as high-affinity Mn transporter, showed several polymorphisms within genome A, B, and D. The expression of TaNRAMP1 significantly decreased in roots of genome A and B but was constitutively expressed in genome D due to Mn-deficiency. The TaNRAMP1 was located in the plasma membrane and showed six motifs matched to Nramp (divalent metal transport). Further, TaNRAMP1 showed a close partnership with cation transporter associated with P-type ATPase/cation transport network. In the RNASeq platform, TaNRAMP1, located in all three genomes, showed the highest expression potential in microspore. Besides, only TaNRAMP1 in genome D was upregulated due to heat and drought stress but showed downregulation in response to excess sulfur and Puccinia triticina infection in all three genomes. The cis-regulatory analysis implies the transcriptional regulation of TaNRAMP1 linked to methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid synthesis. Furthermore, TaNRAMP1 proteins showed similar physicochemical properties, but the C-terminus position of genome D was different than genome A and B. This is the first study on the responses and genome-wide characterization of TaNRAMP1 in Mn-starved wheat.