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Improving the Breath-Holding CVR Measurement Using the Multiband Multi-Echo EPI Sequence.

Alexander D Cohen1, Amritpal S Jagra2, Nicholas J Visser1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.

Frontiers in Physiology
|March 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new multiband multi-echo (MBME) echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence shows improved sensitivity and reliability for measuring cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) using breath-holding (BH) compared to standard multiband sequences. This advanced fMRI technique offers more accurate neurovascular health assessments.

Keywords:
blood oxygen level-dependentbreath-holdingcerebrovascular reactivityfunctional MRImulti-echomultiband

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurovascular Health
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Background:

  • Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) is crucial for assessing cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), a key indicator of neurovascular health.
  • Conventional BOLD fMRI methods face limitations, including signal dropout and reduced sensitivity in specific brain regions, particularly during breath-holding (BH) challenges.
  • Multi-echo sequences, especially when combined with multiband techniques, offer potential solutions to enhance BOLD signal acquisition and mitigate artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance of an advanced multiband multi-echo (MBME) EPI sequence against a standard multiband (MB) single-echo sequence for CVR mapping.
  • To evaluate the repeatability and sensitivity of BH-induced CVR measurements using both MBME and MB sequences in healthy volunteers.
  • To assess the impact of MBME sequences on BOLD sensitivity, specificity, reliability, and variability in CVR mapping.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired fMRI data from 28 healthy volunteers using both MBME and MB EPI sequences, with 18 undergoing repeat imaging for test-retest analysis.
  • Pre-processed data using standard and advanced denoising techniques; MBME data further processed with a -weighted approach and multi-echo ICA.
  • Calculated relative CVR (rCVR) using general linear modeling and normalized to gray matter CVR; assessed test-retest reliability using Dice coefficient, rCVR difference, coefficient of variation, and intraclass correlation coefficient.

Main Results:

  • MBME sequences demonstrated significantly higher rCVR values across most gray matter compared to MB sequences.
  • In regions prone to susceptibility-induced signal dropout, MBME showed less artifactually high rCVR than MB.
  • MBME acquisitions exhibited improved test-retest metrics, superior BOLD sensitivity, enhanced specificity in dropout areas, and reduced inter-subject variability compared to MB.

Conclusions:

  • The multiband multi-echo (MBME) EPI sequence offers superior performance for BOLD-based CVR mapping compared to conventional multiband single-echo sequences.
  • MBME sequences provide enhanced reliability, reduced variability, and improved accuracy, particularly in challenging brain regions affected by signal dropout.
  • The MBME EPI sequence represents a promising advancement for clinical and research applications requiring precise CVR assessment.