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Related Concept Videos

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research01:21

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Stem Cell-Based Clinical Trials for Diabetes Mellitus.

Eleonora de Klerk1, Matthias Hebrok1

  • 1Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|March 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Stem cell therapies offer new hope for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) by addressing limitations of cadaveric islet transplants. Researchers are comparing human stem cell approaches and clinical trial outcomes to overcome immune rejection and improve cell availability.

Keywords:
clinical trial (CT)encapsulationisletsstem cellstransplantationtype 1 diabetes (T1D)type 2 diabetes (T2D)

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Transplantation Immunology

Background:

  • Intraportal allogeneic cadaveric islet transplantation shows promise for Type I Diabetes (T1D) but faces challenges like limited donor availability and lifelong immunosuppression.
  • Current T1D treatments, including islet transplantation, struggle with donor shortages and variable long-term insulin independence, restricting use to brittle diabetes cases.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show potential for T2D but have controversial efficacy in T1D due to poor beta-cell differentiation and lack of in vivo transdifferentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare diverse human stem cell approaches for diabetes treatment.
  • To review outcomes of completed and ongoing clinical trials using stem cell-derived beta cells.
  • To discuss innovative strategies for overcoming challenges in stem cell-derived beta cell transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials involving human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived insulin-producing organoids.
  • Analysis of immune protective strategies like macro- and microencapsulation.
  • Comparison of stem cell-derived beta cell therapies with traditional islet transplantation.

Main Results:

  • Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived insulin-producing organoids are in Phase I/II clinical trials, overcoming donor limitations.
  • Immune protective strategies are being tested to balance immune tolerance and vascularization for hESC-derived organoids.
  • Stem cell replacement therapies face challenges with immune rejection despite overcoming supply limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Human stem cell-derived beta cells represent a promising alternative to cadaveric islets for diabetes treatment.
  • Overcoming immune rejection and ensuring adequate vascularization are critical for successful stem cell transplantation.
  • Ongoing research and innovative strategies are crucial for advancing stem cell therapies for diabetes.