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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Combined Genetic and Chemical Capsid Modifications of Adenovirus-Based Gene Transfer Vectors for Shielding and Targeting
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Hijacking Factor H for Complement Immune Evasion.

Sara R Moore1, Smrithi S Menon1, Claudio Cortes2

  • 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many pathogens evade the immune system by hijacking Factor H (FH), a key complement regulator. Understanding how microbes bind FH is crucial for developing new antimicrobial strategies.

Keywords:
Factor HFactor H binding proteinsalternative pathwaycomplement evasioncomplement systempathogen

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The complement system is vital for innate and adaptive immunity, offering defense against pathogens.
  • Pathogens must evade complement to survive, often by manipulating host immune regulators.
  • Factor H (FH) is a critical fluid-phase regulator of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pathogen strategies for evading complement-mediated attack through Factor H (FH) recruitment.
  • To characterize pathogen FH-binding proteins and FH domains involved in these interactions.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting FH-pathogen interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pathogen complement evasion mechanisms.
  • Analysis of structural properties and expression of pathogen FH-binding proteins.
  • Classification of FH domains critical for pathogen interactions.

Main Results:

  • Numerous pathogens across diverse groups (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.) recruit host Factor H (FH) for protection.
  • Pathogens utilize specific receptors or molecular mimicry to bind FH, which normally recognizes host cell markers.
  • FH binding by pathogens inhibits complement activation and amplification on the pathogen surface.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogen recruitment of Factor H (FH) is a widespread and effective immune evasion strategy.
  • Understanding the structural basis of FH-pathogen interactions is key to developing novel therapeutics.
  • Targeting FH interactions offers a promising avenue for combating diverse microbial infections.