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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 13, 2025

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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The Macroautophagy Machinery in MHC Restricted Antigen Presentation.

Christian Münz1

  • 1Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 15, 2021
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Autophagy-related genes control key immune processes like antigen presentation via MHC molecules. Targeting these pathways can modulate immune responses in diseases and infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy-related (ATG) genes are crucial for cellular processes.
  • These processes include macroautophagy, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), and extracellular vesicle secretion (LDELS).
  • These pathways impact how antigens are processed and presented to T cells via MHC molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize how ATG gene products and associated pathways influence antigen presentation.
  • To explore the role of these pathways in autoimmunity, tumor immunology, and infectious diseases.
  • To highlight the potential of targeting these pathways for immune modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ATG genes and immune presentation pathways.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms linking macroautophagy machinery to MHC class I and II antigen presentation.
  • Examination of the implications for various immunological contexts.

Main Results:

  • ATG gene products utilize shared macroautophagy machinery for diverse functions.
  • These pathways significantly contribute to both MHC class I and II restricted antigen presentation.
  • Dysregulation of these pathways is implicated in autoimmunity and cancer immunology.

Conclusions:

  • The macroautophagy machinery is central to multiple antigen processing and presentation pathways.
  • Targeting ATG-dependent processes offers a strategy to regulate T cell responses.
  • Modulating these pathways holds potential for treating autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infections.