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Risk factors for childhood pneumonia: a case-control study in a high prevalence area in Indonesia

Vivi Ninda Sutriana1, Mei Neni Sitaresmi2, Abdul Wahab3

  • 1Master in Public Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
|March 15, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Exclusive breastfeeding and complete immunizations are key to preventing childhood pneumonia. Risk factors include poor feeding, lack of vaccines, indoor air pollution, low birth weight, and severe malnutrition.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Acute respiratory infections (ARIs), particularly pneumonia, are a leading cause of infant mortality globally.
  • Pneumonia is the second-leading cause of death in infants and toddlers in Indonesia.
  • Exclusive breastfeeding and routine immunizations are protective measures against pneumonia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify risk factors associated with childhood pneumonia in high-prevalence Indonesian regions.
  • To inform public health strategies for pneumonia prevention in Indonesia.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study was conducted from March to April 2019.
  • 176 infants and toddlers (10-59 months) were enrolled from a community health center.
  • Pneumonia cases were diagnosed clinically per WHO guidelines; controls had no pneumonia.

Main Results:

  • Key risk factors for pneumonia included: no or nonexclusive breastfeeding (OR 7.95), incomplete immunizations (OR 4.47), indoor air pollution (OR 7.12), low birth weight (OR 3.27), and severe wasting (OR 2.77).
  • Maternal education, child's age, and sex were not significant risk factors.
  • Nutritional status (height-for-age z-score) did not emerge as a risk factor.

Conclusions:

  • Nonexclusive breastfeeding, incomplete immunizations, indoor air pollution, low birth weight history, and severe malnutrition are significant risk factors for childhood pneumonia.
  • Breastfeeding emerged as the most dominant protective factor.
  • Child's sex was found to modify the association between exclusive breastfeeding and pneumonia incidence.
Abstract

Keywords:
Breast feedingImmunizationNutritional statusPneumoniaRespiratory tract infections

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