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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

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An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Electron attachment to representative cations composing ionic liquids.

Iwona Anusiewicz1, Sylwia Freza1, Maciej Bobrowski2

  • 1Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron attachment to ionic liquid cations forms radicals and, rarely, stable anions. Dimer stability was assessed, with only the [(MeMePyr)2]- anion proving stable, featuring unique Rydberg electron configurations.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at low temperatures.
  • Understanding the electronic structure of ionic liquids is crucial for designing new materials.
  • Reduction products of ionic liquid cations are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the electronic structure and stability of reduction products of ionic liquid cations.
  • Determine conditions for the formation of stable anions and dimers.
  • Characterize the nature of radicals and anions formed.

Main Methods:

  • Ab initio electronic structure calculations.
  • Flexible atomic orbital basis sets.
  • Prediction of lowest energy structures, ionization potentials, and electron affinities.

Main Results:

  • Electron attachment to cations forms neutral radicals.
  • Adiabatically stable anions formed only for [P(CH3)4]- and [MeMePyr]-.
  • All CC+ and CC dimers were stable; only [(MeMePyr)2]- was a stable dimeric anion.
  • Identified unique Rydberg radical and double-Rydberg anion for [MeMePyr]+.

Conclusions:

  • The stability of ionic liquid reduction products depends on the cation structure.
  • Dimeric anions can be stable under specific conditions.
  • The electronic configuration of the [(MeMePyr)2]- anion is characterized by Rydberg orbitals.