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Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19
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Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19

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Seroconversion stages COVID19 into distinct pathophysiological states.

Matthew D Galbraith1,2, Kohl T Kinning1, Kelly D Sullivan1,3

  • 1Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States.

Elife
|March 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 patient status, determined by antibody levels (seroconversion), reveals distinct immune and clotting profiles. This finding could guide personalized COVID-19 treatments and clinical trial analysis.

Keywords:
COVID19SARSantibodiescomplementcytokineshumanimmunologyinflammationinterferons

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Virology

Background:

  • COVID-19 presents diverse pathophysiological processes like hyperinflammation and end-organ damage.
  • Limited understanding of molecular drivers and biomarkers hinders patient stratification for targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between seroconversion status and distinct pathophysiological states in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
  • To explore the potential of seroconversion as a biosignature for patient stratification and clinical trial analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional multi-omics analysis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
  • Assessment of immune cell populations (T cells, NK cells, B cells), cytokine levels (IFN), complement activation, and hematological parameters (platelets, D-dimer, albumin).

Main Results:

  • Low antibody titers correlate with hyperactive T/NK cells, elevated interferons, complement activation, and depletion of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and platelets.
  • Seroconversion is associated with attenuated inflammation, increased B cell subsets, emergency hematopoiesis, elevated D-dimer, and hypoalbuminemia.

Conclusions:

  • Seroconversion status is linked to distinct pathophysiological profiles in COVID-19.
  • Seroconversion may serve as a valuable biosignature for stratifying patients and interpreting clinical trial data in heterogeneous populations.