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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
Published on: December 11, 2019
Usefulness, pitfalls and interpretation of handheld single‑lead electrocardiograms
M Patrick Witvliet1, Evert P M Karregat1, Jelle C L Himmelreich1
1Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Abstract:
Single‑lead electrocardiograms (1 L-ECGs) are increasingly used in (pre)clinical settings for the detection and monitoring of a range of rhythm and conduction disorders. In this short communication paper, we aim to provide an overview of the usefulness and potential pitfalls when implementing 1 L-ECGs into everyday clinical practice. Moreover, we provide recommendations for improving signal quality, as well as a systematic approach to the interpretation of 1 L-ECGs, which is somewhat different from standard 12‑lead ECGs. Clinicians can use our illustrations and checklist as guidance when recording and interpreting 1 L-ECGs.
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