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    Area of Science:

    • * Physics and Engineering
    • * Microwave and Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • * Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) offer low phase noise at high frequencies but struggle with long-term frequency stability.
    • * Traditional phase-locked loops (PLLs) used for OEO stabilization have limited pull-in range due to the OEO's narrow free-spectral-range (FSR), hindering startup and mode-hopping recovery.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To develop a robust method for stabilizing OEO frequency, ensuring reliable phase-locking at startup and after mode-hopping.
    • * To achieve a highly stable, low phase noise 10 GHz microwave signal generation.

    Main Methods:

    • * Implementation of an automatic frequency calibration (AFC) loop integrated with a phase-locked loop (PLL).
    • * Utilizing a fast digitally-controlled frequency shifter and a real-time frequency error detection unit within the AFC.
    • * Thorough investigation of AFC dynamics, phase-locking, phase-relocking after mode-hopping, system response to vibration, and frequency switching.

    Main Results:

    • * Achieved a stable 10 GHz phase-locked OEO with robust phase-locking at startup and phase-relocking, a first for this technology.
    • * Phase-locking and phase-relocking times were reduced to below 120 ms.
    • * Demonstrated excellent performance: -135 dBc/Hz phase noise at 10 kHz offset, 128 dBc side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR), and 4.8×10-11 Allan deviation at 5000 s.

    Conclusions:

    • * The AFC-assisted PLL successfully overcomes the limitations of traditional PLLs for OEO frequency stabilization.
    • * The developed system reliably generates highly stable, low phase noise microwave signals.
    • * The approach is highly promising for applications requiring precise microwave references, such as frequency synthesizers and data conversion systems.