Sareomycetes: more diverse than meets the eye

Area of Science:

• Mycology
• Fungal Taxonomy
• Evolutionary Biology

Background:

• The resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea was previously thought to contain two species based on apothecial color.
• This classification lacked comprehensive genetic and morphological support.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the taxonomic status of Sarea using molecular and morphological data.
• To resolve phylogenetic relationships within the Sareomycetes and establish new genera if necessary.
• To understand the evolutionary history and biogeography of these fungi.

Main Methods:

• Phylogenetic analysis of three ribosomal regions (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU).
• Morphological examination of 70 Sarea specimens.
• Dating analyses using additional marker regions.

Main Results:

• The traditional Sarea difformis and Sarea resinae were separated into two distinct genera: Sarea and Zythia.
• Sarea now comprises three phylospecies, including Sarea coeloplata.
• A new genus, Atrozythia, was erected for Atrozythia klamathica, including Arthrographis lignicola.
• Fungal emergence coincided with Pinus diversification, suggesting adaptation to resinous niches.
• Phylogeographic studies tracked introductions to non-native regions like Antarctica and New Zealand.

Conclusions:

• The genus Sarea requires taxonomic revision, leading to the establishment of Sarea and Zythia.
• The discovery of Atrozythia expands the known diversity and asexual morphs within Sareomycetes.
• The evolutionary history of Sareomycetes is linked to conifer diversification and adaptation to resinous environments.
• Human activities have facilitated the introduction of these fungi to new geographical areas.