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Changes in Pediatric ICU Utilization and Clinical Trends During the Coronavirus Pandemic
Janine E Zee-Cheng1, Casey K McCluskey2, Margaret J Klein3
1Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
Insights
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced pediatric critical care admissions in Q2 2020, altering disease patterns and increasing mortality for admitted children. This highlights the pandemic's indirect impact on pediatric critical illness.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric critical care medicine
- Epidemiology
- Public health
Background:
- The COVID-19 pandemic has had indirect effects on pediatric illnesses.
- This study investigates the impact on critically ill children in the United States.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine if there was a decrease in critically ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Q2 2020.
- To identify changes in the types of diseases admitted to PICUs during this period.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective observational cohort study.
- Utilized the Virtual Pediatric Systems database.
- Analyzed 160,295 pediatric admissions across 77 US sites in Q1 and Q2 of 2017-2019 (pre-COVID-19) and 2020 (COVID-19).
Main Results:
- A 32% decrease in PICU admissions occurred in Q2 2020 compared to pre-COVID-19 levels.
- Significant decreases in respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchiolitis were observed.
- Increases in the proportion of trauma, diabetes mellitus, and poisoning/ingestion admissions were noted, alongside a rise in ICU mortality odds.
Conclusions:
- Pediatric critical illness admissions and disease types significantly changed in Q2 2020 due to the pandemic.
- An increased mortality rate was observed in children admitted to PICUs during this period.
Background:
Children have been less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, but its repercussions on pediatric illnesses may have been significant. This study examines the indirect impact of the pandemic on a population of critically ill children in the United States.
Research Question:
Were there significantly fewer critically ill children admitted to PICUs during the second quarter of 2020, and were there significant changes in the types of diseases admitted?
Study Design And Methods:
This retrospective observational cohort study used the Virtual Pediatric Systems database. Participants were 160,295 children admitted to the PICU at 77 sites in the United States during quarters 1 (Q1) and 2 (Q2) of 2017 to 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and 2020 (COVID-19).
Results:
The average number of admissions was similar between pre-COVID-19 Q1 and COVID-19 Q1 but decreased by 32% from pre-COVID-19 Q2 to COVID-19 Q2 (20,157 to 13,627 admissions per quarter). The largest decreases were in respiratory conditions, including asthma (1,327 subjects in pre-COVID-19 Q2 (6.6% of patients) vs 241 subjects in COVID-19 Q2 (1.8%; P < .001) and bronchiolitis (1,299 [6.5%] vs 121 [0.9%]; P < .001). The percentage of trauma admissions increased, although the raw number of trauma admissions decreased. Admissions for diabetes mellitus and poisoning/ingestion also increased. In the multivariable model, illness severity-adjusted odds of ICU mortality for PICU patients during COVID-19 Q2 increased compared with pre-COVID-19 Q2 (OR, 1.165; 95% CI, 1.00-1.357; P = .049).
Interpretation:
Pediatric critical illness admissions decreased substantially during the second quarter of 2020, with significant changes in the types of diseases seen in PICUs in the United States. There was an increase in mortality in children admitted to the PICU during this period.
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