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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Responses to Drought and Flooding02:41

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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Responses to Salt Stress02:02

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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus
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Underappreciated plant vulnerabilities to heat waves.

David D Breshears1,2, Joseph B Fontaine3, Katinka X Ruthrof3,4

  • 1School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.

The New Phytologist
|March 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Climate change intensifies heat waves, impacting plants more than previously understood. Further research is needed to understand plant vulnerability and ecosystem tipping points caused by extreme heat.

Keywords:
climate changedie-offdroughtextreme eventsheat wavesmortalitywarming

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity, and spatial extent of heat waves.
  • While human impacts of heat waves are documented, plant responses are less understood, except for crops.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on heat wave impacts on flora.
  • To propose trials for quantifying plant vulnerability to heat waves.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific findings on heat wave impacts on plants.
  • Proposal for generalizable practical trials to assess heat wave vulnerability.

Main Results:

  • Heat waves cause sublethal and lethal effects at leaf and plant scales.
  • Secondary ecosystem effects and interactions with other disturbances are observed.
  • Increased heat wave frequency across seasons is a growing concern.

Conclusions:

  • Plant vulnerability to heat waves is underappreciated and understudied.
  • Heat waves can drive plant die-off and ecosystem tipping points.
  • Further research is crucial to understand and mitigate these impacts.