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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in non-human primates.

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Mathematical modeling of SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques reveals rapid viral clearance. This study provides key viral kinetic parameters for mild infections and informs the development of effective antiviral treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Non-human primates infected with SARS-CoV-2 show mild symptoms.
  • Understanding viral dynamics is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To mathematically characterize SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in cynomolgus macaques.
  • To estimate key viral kinetic parameters in a mild infection model.
  • To predict the efficacy of prophylactic antiviral treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mathematical model to analyze viral load data from 31 SARS-CoV-2 infected cynomolgus macaques.
  • Frequently assessed nasopharyngeal and tracheal viral loads.
  • Estimated parameters including burst size, within-host reproductive number, and infected cell half-life.

Main Results:

  • Identified a large infected cell burst size (>10^4 viruses).
  • Estimated within-host reproductive numbers of ~6 (nasopharynx) and ~4 (trachea).
  • Observed rapid infected cell clearance (9-hour half-life) and a median viral clearance time of 10 days.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics in macaques resemble mild human infections.
  • Prophylactic treatments blocking 90% of viral production or infection could prevent viral growth.
  • Provides essential parameters for evaluating future antiviral therapies.