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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Relative Stabilities of Alkenes01:59

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

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The relative stability of alkenes can be determined by comparing their heats of hydrogenation. The lower heat of hydrogenation indicates the more stable alkene.  The three main factors determining the relative stability of alkenes are i) the number of substituents attached to the double-bond carbon atoms, ii) hyperconjugation, and iii) the stereochemistry of the double bond.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.6K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.3K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.3K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.3K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.3K
Isomerism in Alkenes02:01

Isomerism in Alkenes

13.8K
Alkenes like 1-butene and 2-butene exhibit constitutional isomerism, as they differ in the position of the double bond. Further, 2-butene exhibits stereoisomerism and exists as two distinct compounds differing in spatial arrangement.
An isomer is called cis-2-butene when the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond, and the other stereoisomer, in which methyl groups are on the opposite side of the double bond, is called trans-2-butene. The cis and trans stereoisomers are not...
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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Spin crossover phenomena in long chain alkylated complexes.

Ryohei Akiyoshi1, Ryo Ohtani2, Leonard F Lindoy3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan. hayami@kumamoto-u.ac.jp.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|March 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soft metal complexes with flexible chains exhibit spin crossover (SCO) behaviors and liquid crystal (LC) transitions. This review explores their fabrication and unique functionalities for advanced soft materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Soft materials, including polymers, liquid crystals, and colloids, possess unique functionalities due to their non-rigid structures.
  • Soft metal complexes with long alkyl chains demonstrate synergistic effects between alkyl chain dynamics and metal center electron dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review soft metal complexes, focusing on spin crossover (SCO) behaviors.
  • To discuss the relationship between SCO, structural phase transitions (including liquid crystal transitions), and the flexible nature of these complexes.
  • To explore methods for fabricating soft materials utilizing SCO complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of soft metal complexes exhibiting spin crossover.
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships, particularly concerning alkyl chain flexibility and SCO phenomena.
  • Discussion of fabrication techniques for integrating SCO complexes into soft material architectures.

Main Results:

  • Soft metal complexes with flexible alkyl chains exhibit coupled structural and electronic dynamics.
  • Spin crossover (SCO) behavior is observed, often coinciding with structural phase transitions like liquid crystallinity.
  • The flexible nature of the complexes is key to achieving these functionalities.

Conclusions:

  • Soft metal complexes offer a versatile platform for developing advanced soft materials with tunable properties.
  • The interplay between molecular structure, spin crossover, and liquid crystal phases enables novel functionalities.
  • Fabrication strategies are crucial for realizing the potential of these materials in various applications.