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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts

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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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Torsion of Noncircular Members01:16

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Circular shafts undergoing torsional stress maintain their cross-sectional integrity due to their axisymmetric nature. This symmetry ensures an even distribution of stress, allowing the shaft to withstand torsion without distorting. In contrast, square bars, lacking this axial symmetry, experience significant distortion across their cross-sections when subjected to torsion, with the exception of along their diagonals and at lines connecting midpoints. A detailed examination of a cubic element...
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Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
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Design Example: Traverse Angle Computations01:25

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Traverse angle computations are a critical component of surveying, used to compute the internal angles within a closed traverse. A traverse consists of a series of connected lines forming a closed loop, often used for land boundary delineation or mapping. Calculating the internal angles ensures accuracy in the traverse geometry and is essential for checking survey data integrity.The process begins with known azimuths and bearings of the traverse sides. Internal angles at each vertex are...
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An object undergoing circular motion, like a race car, is accelerating because it is changing the direction of its velocity. This centrally directed acceleration is called centripetal acceleration. This acceleration acts along the radius of the curved path (thus is also referred to as radial acceleration).
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The study of solid circular shafts under stress shows that within the elastic limit, stress increases directly to the distance from the shaft's center. This relationship holds until the shaft reaches a critical point of stress, beyond which it begins to yield, marking the transition from elastic to plastic deformation. At this crucial juncture, the maximum torque the shaft can endure without permanent deformation is determined, signifying the limit of its elastic behavior.
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Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus
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Operating principles of circular toggle polygons.

Souvadra Hati1,2, Atchuta Srinivas Duddu1, Mohit Kumar Jolly1

  • 1Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.

Physical Biology
|March 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toggle polygons, circular gene networks, exhibit distinct behaviors based on size. Even-numbered polygons favor two states, while odd-numbered ones allow multiple states, guiding synthetic biology designs.

Keywords:
cell-fate decisioncoupled feedback loopsdesign principlesmultistabilitytoggle switch

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Area of Science:

  • Systems Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Cellular decision-making and differentiation are fundamental biological processes.
  • Mutually inhibitory feedback loops, or toggle switches, regulate cell-fate decisions.
  • Toggle triads exhibit complex behaviors, but larger toggle polygons remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics and stable states of toggle polygons of varying sizes.
  • To elucidate the operating principles of circular regulatory networks.
  • To provide insights for designing synthetic genetic circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations using both discrete and continuous methods.
  • Analysis of toggle switches arranged in circular polygonal networks.
  • Investigation of the impact of self-activations on network dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Toggle polygons display distinct steady-state patterns based on whether they have an even or odd number of components.
  • Even-numbered polygons predominantly yield two stable states with alternating high and low expression.
  • Odd-numbered polygons generate a greater number of stable states, often twice the number of components, exhibiting circular permutation patterns.

Conclusions:

  • The size parity (even vs. odd) of toggle polygons dictates their stable state distribution.
  • Self-activations enhance multistability within these networks.
  • Findings offer design principles for biological regulatory circuits and synthetic gene networks.