Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Amygdala in Memory01:16

Role of Amygdala in Memory

643
The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure responsible for processing and storing memories, particularly those linked to emotions like fear and stress. It plays an essential role in the brain's response to emotionally significant events and often enhances memory formation by triggering stress hormone release. The amygdala is vital for encoding and retrieving memories associated with fear or stress, a process that is adaptive by helping organisms avoid dangerous situations.
One of the...
643
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

1.1K
Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
1.1K
Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

2.0K
Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, is...
2.0K
Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

1.4K
Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
1.4K
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

2.6K
Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
2.6K
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

1.8K
Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dopamine prediction error signaling in a unique nigrostriatal circuit is critical for associative fear learning.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Dopaminergic circuits controlling threat and safety learning.

Trends in neurosciences·2024
Same author

Functional architecture of dopamine neurons driving fear extinction learning.

Neuron·2023
Same author

Dopaminergic circuits underlying associative aversive learning.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2022
Same author

Prefrontal pyramidal neurons are critical for all phases of working memory.

Cell reports·2022
Same author

In vivo functional diversity of midbrain dopamine neurons within identified axonal projections.

eLife·2019
Same journal

Calcium at the crossroads of the immunometabolic signaling and comorbidity in schizophrenia.

Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Mechanistic insights into the synaptic damage-repair and regeneration processes in neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease: phytochemicals as neuroprotective agents.

Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience·2026
Same journal

NMDA receptors play an important role in postictal potentiation in immature rats.

Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Suicidality as a potential risk and therapeutic target during widespread GLP-1 receptor agonists use: implications of inflammation.

Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience·2026
Same journal

NMDA receptor mediated tonic excitatory currents are elicited by EAAT inhibition on human neocortical pyramidal neurons.

Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Automated ROI detection allows rapid quantification of synaptic activity across tens of thousands of synapses in cell culture.

Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

35.8K

Dopamine in Fear Extinction.

Ximena I Salinas-Hernández1, Sevil Duvarci1

  • 1Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
|March 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extinguishing fear memories is vital for adapting to changing environments. Recent research highlights the dopamine system's critical role in this new learning process, offering insights into anxiety disorders.

Keywords:
amygdaladopaminefear extinctionmedial prefrontal cortexnucleus accumbens

More Related Videos

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

13.7K
Author Spotlight: Exploring Neural Correlates of Defensive Behaviors in Fear Learning and Extinction
04:03

Author Spotlight: Exploring Neural Correlates of Defensive Behaviors in Fear Learning and Extinction

Published on: December 15, 2023

1.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

35.8K
Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

13.7K
Author Spotlight: Exploring Neural Correlates of Defensive Behaviors in Fear Learning and Extinction
04:03

Author Spotlight: Exploring Neural Correlates of Defensive Behaviors in Fear Learning and Extinction

Published on: December 15, 2023

1.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Fear extinction is essential for adaptive behavior, involving new learning to form extinction memories.
  • Deficits in fear extinction learning are characteristic of human anxiety disorders.
  • The dopamine (DA) system is increasingly recognized as a key regulator of fear extinction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the neural basis of fear extinction.
  • To highlight the crucial role of the dopamine system in mediating fear extinction.
  • To discuss emerging concepts and future research directions in fear extinction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific articles.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the dopamine system's involvement in fear extinction.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the neurobiology of fear extinction.

Main Results:

  • The dopamine system plays a crucial role in various phases of fear extinction.
  • Advances demonstrate specific mechanisms by which dopamine influences extinction learning and memory.
  • Understanding dopamine's function provides a basis for novel therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The dopamine system is a key modulator of fear extinction processes.
  • Further research into the dopamine system's role can elucidate mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders.
  • Identifying new concepts and questions will guide future investigations into fear extinction and its clinical implications.