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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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A Paradigm Shift in Radiation Oncology Training.

Subha Perni1,2,3, Anurag Saraf1,2,3, Michael Milligan1,2,3

  • 1Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts.

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Summary

The COVID-19 pandemic and racial justice movements reveal disparities in radiation oncology training. Implementing competency-based education, tailored support, and technology can enhance diversity and efficiency in radiation oncology education.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Health Equity

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing educational and workforce disparities in radiation oncology.
  • The intersection of the pandemic and racial justice movements highlighted critical issues in diversity within the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss essential changes in radiation oncology training to foster diversity and inclusion.
  • To identify strategies for addressing educational and workforce disparities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current challenges in radiation oncology education.
  • Discussion of proposed changes including competency-based models, tailored support, and technological integration.

Main Results:

  • Competency-based educational models can streamline training and examinations.
  • Responsiveness to diverse resident and medical student needs is crucial.
  • Technological integration can improve educational efficiency and reduce barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation oncology training requires significant changes to promote diversity.
  • Implementing adaptable educational models and inclusive practices is vital for the future of the field.