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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

545
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

563
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Evaluating Multimedia and Language Tasks.

Ian Soboroff1, George Awad1,2, Asad Butt1,3

  • 1Retrieval Group, Information Access Division, Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
|March 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Retrieval Group has focused on information access tasks since 1989. TREC Video Distribution (TRECVID) evaluations, started in 2001, aim to advance multimedia search technology.

Keywords:
annotationevaluationinformation retrieval (IR)metricsmultimedia

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Area of Science:

  • Information Science
  • Computer Science
  • Multimedia Systems

Background:

  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Retrieval Group has a long-standing mission focused on evaluating information access tasks.
  • These tasks encompass textual and multimedia search, question answering, and comprehension.
  • The Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) successfully advanced text and web search technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To drive the advancement of content-based search technology for multimedia data.
  • To establish a benchmark for evaluating multimedia information access capabilities.
  • To mirror the success of the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) in the multimedia domain.

Main Methods:

  • Initiation of the TREC Video Distribution (TRECVID) evaluations in 2001.
  • Focus on evaluating multimedia search and understanding tasks.
  • Leveraging the established framework of the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC).

Main Results:

  • TRECVID has become a key evaluation for multimedia information access.
  • It fosters innovation in content-based multimedia search.
  • The evaluations provide a standardized method for assessing multimedia retrieval systems.

Conclusions:

  • The TRECVID evaluations have been instrumental in advancing multimedia search technology.
  • The initiative successfully extended the impact of TREC to the multimedia domain.
  • Continued evaluation is crucial for future progress in multimedia information access.