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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
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Grant Review Feedback: Appropriateness and Usefulness.

Stephen A Gallo1, Karen B Schmaling2, Lisa A Thompson3

  • 1Scientific Peer Advisory and Review Services, American Institute of Biological Sciences, Herndon, VA, USA. sgallo@aibs.org.

Science and Engineering Ethics
|March 18, 2021
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Grant applicant feedback is often seen as appropriate but rarely useful for improving research or future submissions. Enhancing feedback quality and equity is crucial for the peer review process.

Keywords:
BiasFeedbackGenderGrant fundingPeer reviewRaceResubmission

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Area of Science:

  • Grant peer review
  • Research funding
  • Scientific communication

Background:

  • Peer review of research grant proposals aims to assess quality and provide feedback for resubmissions.
  • The effectiveness of peer review feedback in achieving these goals is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze grant applicants' perceptions of the effectiveness and appropriateness of peer review feedback.
  • To identify factors influencing feedback perception and usefulness.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-methods analysis of grant applicant responses.
  • Survey data on perceptions of feedback appropriateness, usefulness, and bias.

Main Results:

  • 56-60% found feedback appropriate, but usefulness for research and grantsmanship was low (<40%).
  • Feedback appropriateness perceptions were linked to funding success and demographic factors (gender, race).
  • Perceived biases and limitations like funding pay-lines and inter-panel reliability affected feedback usefulness.

Conclusions:

  • Efforts are needed to improve the appropriateness and usefulness of peer review feedback for all applicants.
  • Enhancing feedback quality can bolster equity in the peer review process and improve resubmitted proposals.