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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Malaria Surveillance - United States, 2017.

Kimberly E Mace1, Naomi W Lucchi1, Kathrine R Tan1

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The United States saw a record number of malaria cases in 2017, primarily imported from Africa due to increased travel and inadequate prevention. Improved adherence to chemoprophylaxis is crucial for reducing imported malaria cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Surveillance

Background:

  • Malaria is a significant global health concern caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.
  • While rare, malaria can be acquired in the U.S. through non-travel related exposures.
  • Surveillance is vital for understanding malaria occurrence, guiding prevention, and controlling local transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize confirmed malaria cases in the U.S. in 2017 and analyze trends.
  • To identify the sources, species, and risk factors associated with malaria cases.
  • To assess antimalarial drug resistance and evaluate prevention measure adherence.

Main Methods:

  • Data compiled from the National Malaria Surveillance System (NMSS) and National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).
  • Analysis of confirmed malaria cases, including imported and locally acquired infections.
  • Laboratory testing for Plasmodium species and antimalarial drug resistance markers.

Main Results:

  • 2,161 confirmed malaria cases reported in 2017, the highest in 45 years.
  • 86.1% of cases were imported from Africa, with 66.9% originating from West Africa.
  • Poor adherence to chemoprophylaxis was observed among U.S. travelers, with 93.3% not adhering to recommended regimens.

Conclusions:

  • The increasing trend in malaria cases is linked to global travel and insufficient use of preventive measures.
  • Enhanced traveler education and adherence to chemoprophylaxis are critical for reducing imported malaria.
  • Continued surveillance and molecular monitoring for drug resistance are essential for malaria control.