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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Bone Structure01:55

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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An Updated Reference for Calculating Bone Mineral Density T-Scores.

Shanshan Xue1, Yuzheng Zhang1,2, Wenjing Qiao1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|March 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Updated bone mineral density (BMD) T-score references were calculated using recent population data. These new references reveal significant differences in diagnosing osteoporosis and low bone mass compared to existing guidelines.

Keywords:
T-score referencebone mineral densitylow bone massosteoporosispeak BMD

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Area of Science:

  • Osteoporosis research
  • Bone mineral density assessment
  • Public health nutrition

Background:

  • Peak bone mineral density (BMD) is crucial for establishing T-score references.
  • Existing BMD T-score references may require reevaluation when population peak BMD is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To update BMD T-score references.
  • Utilize the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for peak BMD estimation.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study using NHANES data (2005-2014).
  • Target population: Non-Hispanic White females aged 10–40 years to estimate peak BMD.
  • Comparison group: Individuals aged ≥50 years to assess osteoporosis and low bone mass prevalence using existing and updated references.

Main Results:

  • Updated average BMD (SD) for osteoporosis diagnosis: femoral neck 0.888 g/cm² (0.121 g/cm²), lumbar spine 1.065 g/cm² (0.122 g/cm²).
  • Updated references showed higher percentages of osteoporosis (femoral neck) and low bone mass (femoral neck and lumbar spine) compared to existing guidelines (P < 0.001).
  • An inverse pattern was observed for lumbar spine osteoporosis diagnosis (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • New BMD T-score references were established for the femoral neck and lumbar spine.
  • Significant discrepancies exist in classifying osteoporosis and low bone mass between updated and existing BMD T-score references.