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Characterizing pore-scale structure-flow correlations in sedimentary rocks using magnetic resonance imaging.

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Summary

Magnetic resonance flow imaging reveals highly heterogeneous fluid flow in Ketton limestone. Pore size and topology correlate with flow velocity, impacting transport characteristics and mixing within the rock structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Petrophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Understanding fluid flow in porous media is crucial for various applications, including oil recovery and groundwater management.
  • Limestone rock formations exhibit complex internal structures that significantly influence fluid transport.
  • Previous studies often lacked the resolution to correlate pore-scale structure with localized flow behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively characterize structure-flow correlations in Ketton limestone using advanced magnetic resonance flow imaging.
  • To investigate the relationship between pore geometry (size, topology) and fluid velocity at the microscale.
  • To analyze flow dispersion and mixing within the rock's pore space.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative, 3D spatially resolved magnetic resonance flow imaging (flow MRI) with undersampled k- and q-space acquisition.
  • Compressed sensing (CS) for data reconstruction.
  • Coregistration of MRI data with X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) for structural analysis.
  • Analysis of 3D velocity maps and spatially resolved propagators.

Main Results:

  • Flow MRI at 35 μm resolution revealed highly heterogeneous flow: ~10% of pores carried >50% of the flow.
  • Direct correlations found between pore size, topology (coordination number), and local flow velocities.
  • Flow patterns in Ketton limestone showed similarities to flow through sphere packings, suggesting grain consolidation.
  • Analysis of local propagators indicated enhanced mixing within the pore space over longer observation times.
  • The length scale of a representative elementary volume was not reached for a 4-mm plug.

Conclusions:

  • Spatially resolved flow MRI effectively visualizes and quantifies pore-scale flow heterogeneity in rocks.
  • Pore structure significantly dictates fluid transport characteristics and dispersion in limestone.
  • The study highlights the limitations of representative elementary volume assumptions at this scale.
  • These findings advance the understanding of fluid dynamics in complex geological formations.